Historically PA has been culture bound and the literature in epistemology of PA has been full of culture bound theories ie..theories which were by-products of a particular culture or a particular time context.
Historic or sociological conditioning factors weren't incorporated in theories or practice of PA as ecology were considered irrelevant.
The emphasis was on universal theories which were believed to be applicable everywhere irrespective of contextual or ecological variance.
In support of such belief in universal theories.
They suggested that Good principles are universally good and they don't discriminate from ecology to ecology ie.. Administrative concerns are homogeneous across the world and principles need not to discriminate from ecology to ecology ie.. Admin concerns are homogeneous across the world thereby principles should be homogeneous universally as well.
However within such voices of universality , there were intermittent (discontinous )voices of comparative ecological studies.
In fact the first such voice emphasizing CPA was the founding father of PA-Wilson who emphasized comparative approach to PA way back in 1887 as part of his four point vision of PA.
wilson has emphasised A CULTURAL FILTERING LENS while making comprative learning so that the borrower or importer of admin model can filter out what his ecology will not find suitable.
Thus, he supported comparative learning but with suitable safeguards and context sensitivity.
However, somehow wilson's idea of CPA remained completely forgotten for next six decades while his other three ideas has taken forward by TPA /classical Scholars like
He Famously Observed -"THE CLAIMS TO THE SCIENCE OF PA WOULD SOUND RATHER HOLLOW ,SO LONG AS STUDY OF PA DON'T BECOME COMPARATIVE"
This was a strong wake up call to discipline of PA because ROBERT DAHL strongly emphasised how historical , sociological, economic , political and cultural conditioning factor lying in admtv ecology can seriously influence or condition the administartion.
Thus he recommended that the so called universal theories or so called classical sciences of PA be put through validation or testing in a variety of ecological conditions.
This was the time when CPA started getting serious attention.
He was of the view that different society have different nature of turbulence and different crtical problems of the day.
DWIGHT WALDO later came up with revolutionary concept of NPA around 1976 through which he further emphasised theories and values in PA can't be mechanical and universal.
They have to ve context sensitive .
Infact, during mid late 60s the idea of NPA were bautifully coincided with CPA.
Historic or sociological conditioning factors weren't incorporated in theories or practice of PA as ecology were considered irrelevant.
The emphasis was on universal theories which were believed to be applicable everywhere irrespective of contextual or ecological variance.
In support of such belief in universal theories.
PROPONENTS OF CLASSICAL-LD WHITE, GULLICAL AND URWICK
Administrative thinker LD WHITE observed in late 1920s -"The principle of administration are as useful guides of actions in USA as they are in Russia, UK or Iraq.";thereby discounting(underestimating) the role of ecological concepts .GULLICK AND URWICK in late 1930s went to extent of saying -"Administration is Administration, Principles are Principles" hence emphasizing universalism of their neutral principles.
They suggested that Good principles are universally good and they don't discriminate from ecology to ecology ie.. Administrative concerns are homogeneous across the world and principles need not to discriminate from ecology to ecology ie.. Admin concerns are homogeneous across the world thereby principles should be homogeneous universally as well.
However within such voices of universality , there were intermittent (discontinous )voices of comparative ecological studies.
PROPONENTS OF CPA
1.WILSON
In fact the first such voice emphasizing CPA was the founding father of PA-Wilson who emphasized comparative approach to PA way back in 1887 as part of his four point vision of PA.
wilson has emphasised A CULTURAL FILTERING LENS while making comprative learning so that the borrower or importer of admin model can filter out what his ecology will not find suitable.
Thus, he supported comparative learning but with suitable safeguards and context sensitivity.
However, somehow wilson's idea of CPA remained completely forgotten for next six decades while his other three ideas has taken forward by TPA /classical Scholars like
- FRANK GOODNOW,
- GULLICK AND URWICK ,
- LD WHITE.
2.ROBERT DAHL
The first major push to CPA came in 1947 when a young scholar ROBERT DAHL wrote a revlutionary essay tittled SCIENCE OF PA_THREE PROBLEMS wherein he raised serious doubts about public administration being termed as a science in the absence of comparative study which was one of his three problems.He Famously Observed -"THE CLAIMS TO THE SCIENCE OF PA WOULD SOUND RATHER HOLLOW ,SO LONG AS STUDY OF PA DON'T BECOME COMPARATIVE"
This was a strong wake up call to discipline of PA because ROBERT DAHL strongly emphasised how historical , sociological, economic , political and cultural conditioning factor lying in admtv ecology can seriously influence or condition the administartion.
Thus he recommended that the so called universal theories or so called classical sciences of PA be put through validation or testing in a variety of ecological conditions.
This was the time when CPA started getting serious attention.
3.DWIGHT WALDO(1948)
Immediately DWIGHT WALDO also supported idea of CPA beginning 1948 by emphasizing importance of social factor in CPA.He was of the view that different society have different nature of turbulence and different crtical problems of the day.
DWIGHT WALDO later came up with revolutionary concept of NPA around 1976 through which he further emphasised theories and values in PA can't be mechanical and universal.
They have to ve context sensitive .
Infact, during mid late 60s the idea of NPA were bautifully coincided with CPA.
4.FW RIGGS(1950-60s)
- Later FW Riggs really championed the cause of CPA throughout 1950s and 60s and came to be regarded as FATHER OF CPA.
- Initially he developed ecological models of PA for ex-Agraria , Industria and Transitia societies and later that comparative modelling of CPA was further refined and elaborated in form of theory of prismatic Societies in 1960s.
- This was peak period of CPA.
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